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The Hepatitis Vaccine That Does Double Duty
People who have Hepatitis C and have not been vaccinated against Hepatitis A or Hepatitis B could benefit from the combined hepatitis vaccine....
Medical Spas May Pose Hepatitis Risk
Since medical spas are offering more treatments involving the use of needles, the potential for Hepatitis C transmission is rising. Learn about some of the spa treatment techniques that pose hepatitis transmission dangers, as well as five ways to increase...
Hepatitis B Treatment May Reduce Pancreatic Cancer Risk
While several theories are attempting to explain the connection, scientists are unsure why those with Hepatitis B appear to have a 2 1/2 fold increase in risk for developing pancreatic cancer. Once the link is understood, Hepatitis B treatment may...
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- b, ß
- Beta, the second
letter of the Greek alphabet; symbol for the b chain of hemoglobin
- B Cell
- Specialized white
blood cell responsible for the body's immunity. B cells play a central role
in antibody production
- BA
- Bile Acid, Biliary Artresia,
Bachelor of Arts
- Ba
- Symbol for barium
- Bacillemia
- The presence
of bacilli in the blood
- Bacillus
- Bacteria
- Bacteremia
- Bacteria in the
blood, condition may be dangerous for people with a weakened immune system or
abnormal heart valves
- Bacteria
- Any of various
one celled microorganisms of the plant kingdom, existing as free living organisms
or as parasites of other organisms. Bacteria reproduces through subdivision.
Bacteria is classified according to their behavior and shape. Group of micro-organisms
that are a single cell approximately 1 micron in transverse diameter. Some bacteria
cause disease in man, requiring treatment with an antibiotic
- Bacterial Infection
- Bacteria
are group of micro-organisms that are a single cell approximately 1 micron in
transverse diameter. Some bacteria cause disease in man, requiring treatment
with an antibiotic
- Bacterial Proteins
- Proteins
found in any species of bacterium
- Bactericidal
- Capable of
killing bacteria
- Bactericide
- Anti-bacteria
drug, Bactericide, Agent that destroys bacteria
- Bacterin
- Bacterial vaccine
- Bacteriological
- Bacteria study related
- Bacteriological Specimen
- Refers
to any body fluid, secretion, or tissue sent to the laboratory where smears
and cultures for bacteria will be performed. The specimen may consist of blood,
sputum, urine, spinal fluid, material obtained at biopsy, etc
- Bacteriophage
- Very delicate
bacterial virus with considerable variation in structure which may attack and
destroy bacteria cells under certain conditions. Contains a protein coat and
a nucleic acid core. Viruses that infect and kill harmful bacteria
- Bacteriostatic
- Antibiotic,
term used to describe a substance that stops the growth of bacteria
- Bacterium
- Tiny, single-celled
microorganism, commonly known as a germ; some bacteria, called pathogens, cause
disease
- Bactrim
- Brand name of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole
- Bagging
- Manual respiration
for a patient having breathing trouble that uses a handheld squeeze bag attached
to a face mask
- Balloon
- A sac that can be
inserted into a body cavity or tube and distended with air or gas. To distend
with air or gas, to inflate
- Ballooning
- Distending any
cavity of the body with air or gas for therapeutic purposes
- BAN
- British Approved Name,
an official nonproprietary name approved by the British Pharmacopoeia Commission
- Band
- An object or appliance
that confines or restricts while allowing a limited or desired degree of movement.
A strip that holds together or binds two or more separate objects
- Band Cell
- A variety of neutrophil
which appears in the blood in states of acute bacterial infection
- Banding
- The act of encircling
and binding with a thin strip of material
- Bane
- A poison. See Arnica
- Banewort
- Belladonna
- Banti's Disease
- A disorder
characterized by congestion and great enlargement of the spleen usually accompanied
by anemia, leukopenia, and cirrhosis
of the liver
- Barberry
- Also known as Oregon
Grape Root. Used in small doses, Barberry tonic is believed to be an effective
treatment for heartburn, ulcers, stomach upset, and to stimulate the appetite.
Herbal literature frequently recommends Barberry tinctures as a treatment for
liver problems such as jaundice
and hepatitis.
Also considered effective in lowering blood pressure, reducing bronchial constriction,
reducing heart rate and respiration, and as a palliative for menstrual irregularities.
Also used as a topical antiseptic. Exhibits some antibacterial activity, accounting
for its useas an antiseptic when applied to the skin. Also known to possess
sedative qualities, and can act to stimulate the uterus and lower blood pressure
- Barbital
- The oldest of the
barbiturates, a long-acting compound administered orally as a sedative and hypnotic.
Barbital Sodium the soluble monosodium salt of barbital, having the same actions
and uses as the base
- Barbitone
- British name for
Barbital
- Barbiturate
- Any of a class
of sedative-hypnotic agents derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid
and classified into long-, intermediate-, short-, and ultrashort-acting classes.
The ultrashort-acting barbiturates, e.g., thiopental, are used as intravenous
anesthetics. The long-acting barbiturate phenobarbital is an important anticonvulsant
used in the treatment of epilepsy. Many other barbiturates were widely used
as sedatives or hypnotics, but benzodiazepines have replaced them in most uses.
Some of these have a high potential for abuse and are Schedule II controlled
substances.
- Barbiturates
- Group of sedative
drugs that reduce activity in the brain; are habit-forming and are possibly
fatal when taken with alcohol
- Barium
- Main ingredient of
barium sulfate, given by mouth or rectum to patients undergoing tests in the
barium studies. A pale yellowish, metallic element belonging to the alkaline
earths, whose acid-soluble salts are poisonous
- Barium Enema
- Lower gastrointestinal
(GI) series. Diagnostic procedure in which x-rays are taken after barium sulfate
is given to the patient by enema. The barium sulfate helps to outline the colon
and rectum so that they can be seen clearly on x-rays
- Barium Meal
- Upper gastrointestinal
(Gl) series. Diagnostic procedure in which x-rays are taken after the patient
swallows barium sulfate. The barium sulfate helps to outline the esophagus,
stomach, and duodenum so that they can be seen clearly on x-rays
- Barium Solution
- A liquid
containing barium sulfate, which shows up on x-rays. It outlines organs of the
body so they can be seen on x-ray film
- Barley Grass
- Used for for
stomach and duodenum disorders, and for pancreatitis, ideal anti-inflammatory
substance. High in iron, calcium, all the essential
amino acids, vitamin
C, the flavonoids,
vitamin B-12, many minerals,
and enzymes
- Barrett's Esophagus
- A change
in the cells of the tissue that lines the bottom of the esophagus. The esophagus
may become irritated when the contents of the stomach back up (reflux). Reflux
that happens often over a long period of time can lead to Barrett's esophagus
- Barrier
- An obstruction
- Barium
- A chalky liquid used
to coat the inside of organs so that they will show up on an x-ray
- Barium Enema X-ray
- Lower
GI series
- Barium Meal
- Upper GI series
- Bary
- A combining form meaning
heavy or difficult
- Basal
- Pertaining to or situated
near a base
- Basal Metabolic Rate
- Lowest
rate that a person can possibly use energy and remain alive; at this rate, only
absolutely necessary functions such as breathing are maintained
- Baseline
- An observation
or value that represents the normal background level, or an initial level, of
a measurable quantity; used for comparison with values representing response
to experimenta intervention or an environmental stimulus, usually implying that
the baseline and response values refer to the same individual or system
- Baseline Characteristic
- A
variable that is measured, observed, or assessed on a patient at or shortly
before treatment assignment and the initiation of treatment
- Baseline Data
- The set of
data collected on a specific patient or set of patients prior to randomization
- Baseline Examination
- An
examination that is carried out as part of the baseline visit and that is designed
to assess a patient's eligibility for enrollment into the trial and to produce
required baseline data
- Base Pair
- A twin pair of
nucleotides contained in a nucleic acid strand, which are linked together by
hydrogen bonds
- Basil
- Excellent remedy to
stop vomiting
- Basilic
- Important or prominent
- Basophil
- A
structure, cell, or other histologic element staining readily with basic dyes.
2. a granular leukocyte with an irregularly shaped, relatively pale-staining
nucleus that is partially constricted into two lobes, and with cytoplasm that
contains coarse, bluish-black granules of variable size. Basophils contain vasoactive
amines, e.g., histamine and serotonin, which are released on appropriate stimulation
- Basswood
- The wood of the
Linden tree. Long used in American folk medicine as a decoction of the wood,
bark, or flowers for bile and liver disorders
- Battery
- Any set, series,
or grouping of similar things, as a battery of tests. A set or series of cells
which afford an electric current
- Bayberry
- Also
known as Wax Myrtle and Candleberry. Used as a tonic and stimulant to help the
body's defense against ailments such as flu,
fever,coughs, colds, headache, and sore throat. Also considered an effective
remedy for bloody stools, diarrhea, and heavy menstrual bleeding. Used as an
astringent, helps to dry up and protect exposed membranes. Also prepared as
a gargle for treatment for early symptoms of colds and sore throat. Often applied
to the skin as poultice to treat boils and skin ulcers. In large doses it is
considered an emetic agent to produce vomiting
- BBT
- Basal Body Temperature
- BC
- Biliary Colic
- BCAA
- Branched Chain Amino Acid
- B Cell
- White
blood cell that makes antibodies to fight infections caused by foreign
proteins. One of the two major types of lymphocytes (white blood cells, WBC),
derived from bone marrow lymphocytes
- BCO
- Biliary Cholesterol
Output
- B Complexes
- Membrane stabilizers.
Helps nerve functions. Natural tranquilizers, or anti-stress vitamins. B vitamins
are water soluble. B complex must be taken with food already in the stomach.
If taken on an empty stomach, pain and nausea are a common side effect. If the
B complex is being absorbed effectively, the urine will be bright yellow and
have a pungent smell due to the riboflavonoids present
- b.d.
- Abbreviation for L.
bis di¢e, twice a day
- BDL
- Bile Duct Ligation
- bDNA
- (Branched DNA) Assay--One
of two tests that reveal the presence in the bloodstream of very small quantities
of DNA and RNA. i.e. RNA fragments from the hepatitis C virus. It is less sensitive
than PCR
- BE
- Barium Enema
- Bee
Pollen
- Has an anti-microbial effect. Effective for
fighting depression, fatigue, colon disorders and cancer. Used it in the
treatment of hay fever. Bee Pollen contains calcium, lipids, carbohydrates,
iron, manganese, free amino acids, phosphorous, sodium, aluminum, magnesium,
carotene, copper, potassium, pantothenic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, ascorbic
acid (Vitamin C), vitamins D and E, enzymes, co-enzymes, nicotinic acid, xanthophyll,
pigments, and sterols
- Bee Propolis
- Waxy substance
collected by honey bees which contain phytotonizides. Excellent aid against
bacterial infections. Stimulates the immune system. Stimulates phagocytosis.
Used for inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat, tonsillitis,
halitosis, ulcers, dry cough, and acne. Highly complex mixture of balsams, waxes,
oils, resins, and a small amount of pollen
- Bee's Wax
- Natural base for
the preparation of salves and herbal ointments
- Belladonna
- The deadly nightshade,
Atropa belladonna L. (Solanaceae), a perennial plant indigenous to central and
southern Europe and cultivated in North America; it contains various anticholinergic
alkaloids, including atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine, which are used
medicinally. Ingestion of belladonna or its alkaloids
can cause poisoning
- Benadryl
- Trademark for preparations
of diphenhydramine hydrochloride. Sometimes given to relieve itching that is
associated with Liver Disease
- Bene
- Well
- Benign
- Not malignant or cancerous. Won't
spread to other parts of the body
- Bernstein Test
- Diagnostic
procedure used to determine whether heartburn symptoms are caused by acid coming
up from the stomach and irritating the esophagus. This test consists of dripping
a mild acid, similar to stomach acid, through a tube that has been placed in
the esophagus and waiting to see if discomfort develops
- Berylliosis
- Beryllium poisoning,
usually involving the lungs and less often the skin, subcutaneous tissues, lymph
nodes, liver, and other structures. Beryllium fumes, its oxide and salts, and
finely divided dust all may cause a tissue reaction when inhaled or implanted
in the skin. The acute form is basically a toxic or allergic pneumonitis sometimes
accompanied by rhinitis, pharyngitis, and tracheobronchitis. The more common
chronic form is characterized by the development of granulomas and a diffuse
interstitial inflammatory reaction; the clinical and pathological findings may
be indistinguishable from those of sarcoidosis
- Beta Blocker
- Type of drug
used to treat high blood pressure and heart disorders by reducing the strength
and rate of the pumping by the heart
- Beta
Carotene
- Vitamin A--Pigment found in orange vegetables
and fruits, which the body converts to vitamin A; possibly protects against
cancer. Most abundant of the carotenoids. Beta carotene has strong provitamin
A activity. Stronger antioxidant than vitamin A. Studies have shown that several
carotenoids other than betacarotene are potent antioxidants that provide profound
health benefits. The scientific community has recognized the importance of natural
mixed carotenoids including beta carotene. Medical research shows that foods
rich in Beta Carotene will help reduce the risk of lung cancer & certain
oral cancers. Beta Carotene is Non Toxic. Deficiency of Beta Carotene may result
in night blindness, increased susceptibility to infections, loss of smell &
appetite, rough, dry, scaly skin, fatigue, lack of tearing, defective teeth,
and inhibited gum growth
- Betadine
- Trade name for
povidone-iodine, a preparation used as a surgical scrub that is available in
liquid and aerosol forms
- BEV
- Bleeding Esophageal
Varices
- BF
- Bile Flow
- BFP
- Biologic False Positive
- Bias
- Deviation of results
from the truth or mechanisms leading to such deviation, e.g., analysis bias,
confounding factors, measurement bias, selection bias, withdrawal bias, and
others
- Bias, Analysis
- Deviation
of results or inferences from the truth resulting from flaws in the analysis
or interpretation of results
- Bias, Confounding Factor
- A
confounding factor is an variable which is related to one or more of the variables
defined in a study. A confounding factor may (1) mask an actual association
or (2) falsely demonstrate an apparent association between the study variables
where no real association between them exists. i.e. Alcohol intake may appear
to be positively associated with laryngeal cancer but the actual association
may be with the confounding factor of cigarette smoking, i.e., people who drink
alcohol may be at increased risk for laryngeal cancer because they may also
smoke cigarettes. If confounding factors are not measured and considered, bias
may result
- Bias, Measurement Bias
- Systematic
measurement error. For example, a sphygmomanometer which is not correctly calibrated
will produce biased blood pressure readings
- Bias, Selection Bias
- Error
due to differences in characteristics of those participants who are selected
for a study as compared to those not selected
- Bias, Withdrawal
- Error due
to specific characteristics of those participants who choose to withdraw from
a study or become lost to follow up, as opposed to those who remain
- Biaxin
- Brand name of clarithromycin
- Bib
- Abbreviation for L.
bi¢be, drink
- b.i.d.
- Abbreviation for
L. bis in di¢e, twice a day
- Biduous
- Lasting for two
days, as a fever
- BIL
- Bilirubin
- Bilateral
- Two-sided
- Bilayer
- A membrane consisting
of two molecular layers, such as the cell membrane or the envelope of some viruses
- Bilberry
- Vaccinium
Corymbosum. Bilberry is a perennial shrub that has long been used throughout
Holland, Germany and Scandinavia for its health promoting effects. Numerous
clinical studies have shown that bilberry contains active ingredients which
affect proper eye function. Bilberries are particularly rich in the red pigment
antioxidants called anthocyanosides. Studies revealed that the anthocyanosides
bind to capillaries, which are found extensively in the eyes and help maintain
their integrity, reduce their fragility and promote their repair. Reduces general
eye strain and enhances vision in low light conditions. Bilberry fruit extract
also possesses strong antiviral and antibacterial activity
- Bile
- Yellowish, brown, or
green fluid made by the liver; in the small intestine, it aids in digestion,
function is to remove waste from the liver and break down fats as food is digested.
2. Fluid secreted by the liver and poured into the small intestine via the bile
ducts. Important constituents are conjugated bile salts, cholesterol, phospholipid,
bilirubin diglucuronide, and electrolytes. Bile is alkaline due to its bicarbonate
content, golden brown to greenish yellow in color, and has a bitter taste. Hepatic
bile secreted by the liver, is concentrated in the gallbladder. Its formation
depends on active secretion by liver cells into the bile canaliculi. Excretion
of bile salts by liver cells and secretion of bicarbonate rich fluid by ductular
cells in response to secretin are the major factors which normally determine
the volume of secretion. Conjugated bile salts and phospholipid normally dissolve
cholesterol in a mixed micellar solution. In the upper small intestine, bile
is in part responsible for alkalinizing the intestinal content, and conjugated
bile salts play an essential role in fat absorption by dissolving the products
of fat digestion (fatty acids and monoglycerides) in water soluble micelles.
Also Called gall
- B Bile
- Bile from the gallbladder;
samples are obtained by use of a duodenal tube after gallbladder contraction
stimulation, usually with magnesium sulfate. It may occur despite absence of
the gallbladder and contains up to 1 gram of bilirubin per 100 ml.
- C Bile
- Hepatic bile; it
is obtained from a duodenal drainage tube after the gallbladder has been emptied
- Cystic Bile
- Gallbladder
bile the bile that is held for some time in the gallbladder before moving into
the intestine
- Limy Bile
- Bile containing
an increased amount of calcium, usually as the carbonate but sometimes as the
phosphate or bilirubinate. It varies in consistency from a thick, milky fluid
to a putty, gel, or solid. It is usually suspended in a thin, more watery bile.
Called also milk of calcium bile
- Milk of Calcium Bile
- Limy
bile
- White Bile
- The colorless
liquid containing mucoproteins and calcium salts sometimes found in the gallbladder
in obstructions above the entrance of the cystic duct. Its accumulation in the
distended biliary tract is called hydrops
- Bile Acids and Salts
- Steroid
acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the
liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids
are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role
in the digestion and absorption of fat. Have been used pharmacologically, especially
in the treatment of gallstones
- Bile Acid Sequestrants
- One
type of cholesterol lowering medication, including colestipol and cholestyramine.
Sequestrants bind with cholesterol containing bile acids in the intestine and
remove them in bowel movements
- Bile Canaliculi
- Minute intercellular
channels that occur between liver cells and carry bile towards interlobar bile
ducts. Also called Bile Capillaries. Fine tubular canals running between liver
cells, throughout the parenchyma, usually occurring singly between each adjacent
pair of cells, and forming a three-dimensional network of polyhedral meshes,
with a single cell in each mesh
- Bile Capillaries
- See Bile
Canaliculi
- Bile Duct
- A duct by which
bile passes from the liver or gallbladder to the duodenum
- Bile Duct-Common
- The extrahepatic
bile duct formed by the junction of the hepatic and cystic ducts. It is part
of the excretory apparatus of the liver
- Bile Ducts
- Any of the ducts
that convey bile in and from the liver; called also biliary ducts and gall ducts
- Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic
- Passages
external to the liver for the conveyance of bile. These include the common bile
duct and the common hepatic duct. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even
though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct
- Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic
- Passages
within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic
ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic
duct
- Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic
- Impairment
of bile flow through the hepatic, cystic, or common bile ducts or Vater's ampulla.
Sometimes called surgical jaundice
- Bile Duct Stricture
- Abnormal
narrowing of the common bile duct. A potential cause for biliary obstruction.
Risk factors are gallstones, pancreatitis, prior surgery, and trauma.
Symptoms include abdominal pain, chills, fever, and jaundice
- Bile Ductule
- The biliary
channel linking the canal of Hering to the terminal bile duct within the terminal
portal tract
- Bile Fluke
- Chinese Liver
Fluke
- Bile Leak
- A hole in the
bile-duct system that causes bile to spill into the abdominal cavity
- Bile Nephrosis
- Acute renal
failure occurring in a patient with liver failure. Exact cause is unclear, but
those with alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis are at greatest risk.
Symptoms include abdominal swelling, confusion, decreased or absent urine production,
delirium, jaundice, nausea and vomiting. Prognosis is poor
- Bile Peritonitis
- Inflammation
of the peritoneum which is caused by the escape of bile into the peritoneal
cavity
- Bile Reflux
- Reflux of bile
mainly into the upper digestive tract, but also into the pancreas
- Bile Salt
- Amphipathic compounds
that aid digestion and lipid absorption, derived from steroids and have some
detergent properties
- Bile Vessel
- Any of numerous
fine channels within the liver that conduct bile
- Bili
- A combining form denoting
relationship to the bile
- Biliary
- Pertaining to the
bile, bile ducts or gallbladder
- Biliary Apparatus
- The parts
concerned in the formation, conduction, and storage of bile, including the secreting
cells of the liver, bile ducts, and gallbladder
- Biliary Atresia
- Congenital
condition in which bile from the liver cannot reach the intestine because the
bile ducts have developed poorly or not at all
- Biliary Cirrhosis
- Rare form
of liver disease which results in the irreversible destruction of the liver
and bile ducts. The cause is unknown, but is thought to be an autoimmune mechanism.
Cirrhosis of the liver due to inflammation or obstruction of the bile ducts
resulting in the accumulation of bile in and functional impairment of the liver
- Biliary Cirrhosis of Children
- Secondary
biliary cirrhosis due to congenital atresia of the bile ducts; called also infantile
liver
- Biliary Cirrhotic Liver
- One
in which the bile ducts are clogged and distended, the substance of the organ
being inflamed; due to biliary cirrhosis
- Biliary Colic
- Severe pain in the upper
right section of the abdomen, usually caused by a gallstone passing out of the
bladder or through the bile ducts
- Biliary Endoprosthesis
- A
tube inserted into a blocked or narrowed bile duct to improve bile flow
- Biliary Fistula
- Abnormal
passage communicating with the biliary tract
- Biliary Obstruction
- Blockage
of the bile ducts can occur by bile duct cysts, bile duct inflammation, bile
duct stricture pancreas (pancreatic tumor or swelling), stone, trauma, tumor,
or enlarged lymph nodes. When bile duct obstruction occurs, bile accumulates
in the liver and jaundice develops due to the accumulation of bilirubin in the
bloodstream
- Biliary Peritonitis
- Inflammation
of the peritoneum which is caused by the escape of bile into the peritoneal
cavity
- Biliary Scan
- Test that uses
a radioactive dye to look for bile duct obstruction or gallbladder inflammation.
A special dye is injected into a vein that tends to collect mainly in the liver.
It is then excreted in the bile where it makes its way to the gallbladder. A
gamma camera measures the dye and generates an image of the biliary system
and gallbladder
- Biliary Stenosis
- Narrowing
or constriction of a bile duct
- Biliary Stricture
- A narrowing
of the biliary tract from scar tissue. The scar tissue may result from injury,
disease, pancreatitis, infection, or gallstones
- Biliary Tract
- System of
organs and ducts through which bile is made and transported from the liver to
the small intestine. Organs, ducts, and other structures that participate in
the secretion, storage, and delivery of bile into the duodenum. Biliary tract
refers to the bile ducts within the liver, the common bile duct (connecting
the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine) and the cystic duct (short
duct that connects the common bile duct to the gallbladder)
- Biliary Tree
- All passageways
inside and outside the liver that carry bile to the intestines
- Biliary, of Vomiting
- Yellow
or green coloration, due to the presence of bile produced by the liver
- Biliation
- Production and
excretion of bile
- Bilidigestive
- Pertaining
to the gallbladder and digestive tract
- Bilifuscin
- Brownish green
pigment found in old bile and human gallstones. Derivative of bilirubin
- Biligenesis
- The production
or formation of bile
- Biligenetic
- Pertaining to
biligenesis. Biligenic
- Biligenic
- Producing bile
- Bilihumin
- An insoluble ingredient
of gallstones
- Bilin
- Name applied to the
amorphous or crystalline mass obtained from bile by the action of ether and
alcohol. It is composed of a mixture of the sodium salts of the bile acids
- Bilinear
- Of, pertaining
to, or included by, two lines; as, bilinear coordinates
- Bilious
- Of or relating to
bile. Marked by or affected with disordered liver function and especially excessive
secretion of bile
- Biliousness
- Asymptom complex
comprising nausea, abdominal discomfort, headache, and constipation, formerly
attributed to excessive secretion of bile
- Biliprasin
- A green pigment
from gallstones
- Bilipurpurin
- A purple pigment,
occurring in the bile of ruminants; derived from chlorophyll
- Bilirubin
- Orange-yellow
pigment in bile, causing jaundice if it builds up in the blood and skin; the
levels of bilirubin in the blood are used to diagnose liver disease. Serum total
bilirubin is increased in hepatocellular damage (infectious hepatitis, alcoholic
and other toxic hepatopathy, neoplasms), intra- and extrahepatic biliary tract
obstruction, intravascular and extravascular hemolysis, physiologic neonatal
jaundice, Crigler-Najjar syndrome, Gilbert's disease, Dubin-Johnson syndrome,
and fructose intolerance. Disproportionate elevation of direct (conjugated)
bilirubin is seen in cholestasis and late in the course of chronic liver disease.
Indirect (unconjugated) bilirubin tends to predominate in hemolysis and Gilbert's
disease. Decreased serum total bilirubin is probably not of clinical significance
but has been observed in iron deficiency anemia. A yellow-orange compound produced
by the breakdown of hemoglobin from red blood cells.
- Conjugated Bilirubin
- Direct
bilirubin bilirubin that has been taken up by the liver cells and conjugated
to form the water-soluble bilirubin diglucuronide.
- Indirect Bilirubin
- Unconjugated
Bilirubin.
- Unconjugated Bilirubin
- The
lipid-soluble form of bilirubin that circulates in loose association with the
plasma proteins; called also indirect bilirubin.
- Bilirubinate
- A salt of bilirubin
- Bilirubinemia
- The presence
of bilirubin in the blood; see hyperbilirubinemia
- Bilirubinic
- Pertaining to
bilirubin
- Bilirubinuria
- Presence of
bilirubin in the urine
- Bilis
- Bile
- Biliuria
- The presence of
bile pigments in the urine
- Biliverdin
- Green pigment
that occurs in bile and is an intermediate in the degradation of hemoglobin
heme groups to bilirubin. It transforms into the red/orange bile pigment bilirubin
- Bilobate
- Having two lobes
- Bilobular
- Having two lobules
- Bilobulate
- Bilobular
- Biloma
- An encapsulated collection
of bile in the peritoneal cavity
- Binary Outcome Measure
- An
outcome measure that can assume only one of two values, such as in a trial with
death as the outcome measure
- Binding
- Ability to constipate
- Bio
- Combining form denoting
relationship to life, or to living organisms
- Bioactive
- Having an effect
on or eliciting a response from living tissue
- Bioavailability
- Effectiveness.
The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target
tissue after administration. Measure of how much of an administered drug is
absorbed into the bloodstream, actually reaching the intended site of action
in the body. For example, medicine is absorbed from the GI tract, travels through
the bloodstream, and reaches the organ tissues, where it works to fight infection,
prevent rejection, etc
- Biocatalyst
- Enzyme
- Biochemicals
- Chemicals from
which living organisms are made
- Biodegradation
- Series of
processes by which living organisms degrade pollutant chemicals, pesticides,
organic wastes, and implantable materials
- Bioengineering
- Use of engineering
principles to solve biomedical problems. i.e. Creating chemicals or drugs that
do not occur naturally. Also known as genetic engineering
- Biofeedback
- Technique used
to gain control over a function that is normally automatic (such as blood pressure
or pulse rate); the function is monitored and relaxation techniques are used
to change it to a desired level
- Bioflavonoid
- Any
of a group of colored flavones found in many fruits which aid in the absorption
and metabolism of ascorbic acid. Bioflavonoids are needed for the maintenance
of collagen and capillary walls and may aid in protection against infection
- Biological Factors
- are compounds with biological
or physiological activity made by living organisms
- Biological Products
- Complex
pharmaceutical substances, preparations, or agents of organic origin, usually
obtained by biological methods or assay, that depend for their action on the
processes affecting immunity. They are used especially in diagnosis and treatment
of disease (as vaccines or pollen extracts)
Biological products are differentiated from Biological Factors in that the Biological
Factors are compounds with biological or physiological activity made by
living organisms
- Biological Response Modifiers
- BRMs -- Substances,
either natural or synthesized, that boost, direct, or restore normal immune
defenses. BRMs include interferons, interleukins, thymic hormones, and monoclonal
antibodies
- Biological Therapy
- (Also
known as Biotherapy)--Treatment with substances called biological response modifiers
that can stimulate the immune system to fight disease more effectively. Also
called immunotherapy
- Biological Warfare
- The deliberate
spreading of disease amongst humans, animals, and plants. Diseases are caused
when small numbers of living micro-organisms enter into the target population
of humans, animals, or plants. These micro-organisms multiply, and, after an
incubation period, the symptoms of the disease become apparent. In some cases,
micro-organisms produce toxins—non-living toxic chemicals—that cause
symptoms. Depending upon the biological agent chosen, the resulting disease
cause incapacitation or death of the target population.
- Biopsy
- Excision for diagnostic study. Examination
of living or live tissue.
Types of biopsies--Aspiration, Blind, Colonic, Duodenal, Esophageal,
Fine needle, Fine needle aspiration, Hot, Intestinal, jejunal drainage, Large
forceps, Large particle, Liver, Mucosal, Percutaneous Liver, Peroral jejunal,
Rectal, Scan directed, Snare excision, Transcutaneous, Transpapillary, Transvenous
Liver
- Biopsy, Needle
- Biopsy of
deep tissues done with a hollow needle
- Biopsy, Needle Aspiration
- Needle
biopsy in which tissue is removed by aspiration into a syringe
- Biopsy, Sponge
- Biopsy performed
on matter collected with a sponge from a lesion
- Biotechnology
- The use of
living organisms or their products to make or modify a substance. These include
recombinant DNA techniques (genetic engineering) and hybridoma technology
- Biotin
- Essential coenzyme
that assists in the making of fatty acids and in the burning of carbohydrates
and fats for body heat and energy. Also essential for function of red blood
cells and hemoglobin synthesis. Helps in the utilization of Pantothenic acid,
Folic acid, Protein, and Vitamin B-12. Promotes healthy hair. Symptoms of Deficiency
of Biotin are drowsiness, muscle pain, loss of appetite, extreme exhaustion,
depression, and/or grayish skin color
- Birch Bark
- Betula Alba --Also
known as canoe birch, paper birch and white birch. Used as an astringent, diaphoretic
and diuretic. Used as bath additive for chronic or severe skin problems.
Problems sleeping, a decoction can be used before going to bed as a mild sedative
- Bismuth Subsalicylate
- Nonprescription
medicine such as Pepto-Bismol. Used to treat diarrhea, heartburn, indigestion,
and nausea. It is also part of the treatment for ulcers caused by the bacterium
Helicobacter pylori
- Bitter Root
- Apocynum Androsaemifolium -- Also known as Dogsbane Milkweedand Flytrap. Also been
called Vegetable Trocar. One of the digitalis group of cardiac tonics,
Apocynum, is the most powerful in slowing the pulse, strong action on the vaso-motor
system. An irritant to mucous membranes, can cause catharsis and nausea. Helpful
in dropsy's due to heart-failure, and ascites of hepatic cirrhosis. Used as
an alterative in scrofula, rheumatism, and syphilis. Absorption in the gastro-intestinal
tract being very irregular. Use with Caution!
- Black Birch
- Betula Lenta -- Also
known as Cherry Birch, Mahogany Birch, Mountain Mahogany, Spice Birch, and Sweet
Birch. Tea made from Black Birch is used for urinary problems, and intestinal
worms. When taken internally it is good for treating boils,diarrhea, and
rheumatism. Also used as an astringent, anthelmintic, and diuretic
- Black
Cohosh
- Cimicifuga Racemosa--Also known as Bugbane,
Bugwort, Black Snakeroot and Squawroot. Used to treat asthma, bronchial spasms,
bronchitis, whooping coughfatigue, rheumatism, neuralgia, sore throat, stimulate
menstrual flow, ease the pain of childbirth, and relief from the symptoms of
menopause. Antispasmodic for muscle pains and cramps. Also used for anxiety
and nervousness, cough suppressant and expectorant, a diaphoretic for eliminating
toxins. Contains compounds that support its uses as an anti-inflammatory
agent and sedative. Consuming large doses can cause dizziness, nausea,
and vomiting. Pregnant women should only use Black Cohosh under the supervision
of their health care provider, Black Cohosh has been known for stimulating
the uterus to speed childbirth, large doses could lead to premature birth
- Black Haw
- Known as a uterine
tonic. Used for menstrual cramps. Black Haw contains salicin, a pain reliever
much like aspirin. Helps to relieve head pain and reduce fever. Do Not take
if you are pregnant. Never give to children under the age of 16 suffering from
fevers, flu or chicken pox. Discontinue use if you get an upset stomach, or
experience ringing in your ears
- Black Thistle
- Used to treat
liver disorders, and regulate the menstrual cycle. Said to improve memory by
increasing oxygen to the brain through improved circulation
- Black
Walnut
- Juglans Nigra--Used to balance sugar levels
and burn up excessive toxins and fatty materials. Helps relieve constipation,
useful against parasitic and fungal infections, eliminate warts. Helps to promote
bowel regularity and acts an antiparasitic. The extract is reputed to be beneficial
for herpes, eczema, skin parasites and psoriasis when rubbed onto the skin.
Has been known to kill ringworm and tapeworm
- Bladder
- Organ located in
the pelvis whose function is to collect and store urine until it is expelled
- Bladderwrack
- Bladderwack--Natural
source of Iodine. Anti-inflammatory, Anti-rheumatic, Used for fatigue and convalescence.
Stimulates the thyroid and increases metabolic rate
- BLEO
- Bleomycin Sulfate
- Blessed Thistle
- Also known
as Holy Thistle, Marian, Holy Thistle, Our Lady's Thistle, and St. Mary's. Do
not confuse this with Milk Thistle. Used as an appetite stimulant, to treat
constipation and flatulence. Blessed Thistle tea is used for treating a variety
of liver problems, such as hepatitis and jaundice. Blessed Thistle can lead
to nausea and vomiting if taken in excess
- Blind
- A condition imposed
on an individual (or group of individuals) for the purpose of keeping that individual
or group of individuals from knowing or learning of some fact or observation,
such as treatment assignment. Also called a "mask"
- Blinded
- The condition of
having a blind in place, e.g., as in a single-, double-, or triple-blinded trial
- Bloating
- Feeling of fullness
in the abdomen, often occurring after meals
- Block
- A group, quantity,
section, or segment that is considered as a unit for some purpose, procedure,
process, or action. 2. (clinical trials) Treatment block. Analyses are conducted
for each block, and then combined over blocks
- Block Size
- The number of
individual elements making up a block. Treatment block size
- Blocking
- The process of
establishing defined groups, as in a treatment allocation schedule designed
to ensure a specific allocation ratio
- Blood
- Considered a circulating
"tissue" composed of a fluid portion (plasma) with suspended formed elements
(red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets); blood (arterial blood) is the
means by which oxygen and nutrients are transported to tissues; [venous blood]
is the means by which carbon dioxide and metabolic by-products are transported
for excretion
- Blood
Ammonia
- The test is primarily used to evaluate patients
with mental status changes; elevated blood ammonia supports a diagnosis of hepatic
encephalopathy. Disrupted hepatic blood flow patterns in cirrhotic patients
cause blood ammonia to elevate after milder degrees of liver failure in that
group.
- Blood Bactericidal Activity
- Native
bactericidal property of blood due to normally occurring antibacterial substances
such as beta lysin, leukin
- Blood & Blood Products
- Components
of blood including red cells, platelets and plasma which are separated out by
blood banks. Plasma is processed and purified to produce specific medical purposes,
eg. Factor VIII
- Blood Borne Substances
- Substances that
are present in the blood and are carried throughout the body
- Blood Borne Viruses
- Any
virus which may be transmitted through the parenteral route
- Blood Brain Barrier
- A selective
barrier between brain blood vessels and brain tissues whose effect is to restrict
what may pass from the blood into the brain. Certain compounds readily cross
the blood brain barrier. Others are completely blocked
- Blood Cholesterol
- Cholesterol that is manufactured
in the liver and absorbed from the food we eat and is carried in the blood for
use by all parts of the body. High levels of blood cholesterol lead to coronary
heart disease and atherosclerosis
- Blood Clot
- Semisolid mass of blood that
forms to help seal and prevent bleeding from a damaged vessel
- Blood Cultures
- Samples of
blood tested for the presence of micro-organisms, typically bacteria
- Blood Gases
- The content
of oxygen, carbon dioxide and associated biochemical components in a sample
of blood, usually arterial
- Blood Pressure
- A measure
of how well blood circulates through your arteries, listen in the format of
the systolic pressure over the diastolic pressure. Normal blood pressure is
about 120/80
- Blood Root
- Also known as
Indian Plant, Indian Paint, Indian Red Paint, Red Paint Root, Red Puccoon, Red
Root, Pauson, Sanguinaria, and Tetterwort. Has been used for for treatment of
skin cancers, and also for eczema, sores, warts, as well as other dermal &
epidermal problems as a topical preparations. Used internally in herbal preparations
for emphysema, chronic bronchitis and congestive lung conditions. Also
used as a diuretic, expectorant, emetic, febrifuge, emmenagogue, tonic and stimulant
- Blood Sugar
- Carbohydrate,
mainly glucose, of the blood
- Blood Swab
- A blood sample
taken with a cotton-tipped stick
- Blood Transfusion
- Introduction
of new matching blood into the bloodstream. The process of infusing blood products
into a patient to raise the individuals concentration of red blood cells. Blood
is typed (A, B, O, or AB) and crossmatched (mixed together to see if its compatible)
prior to transfusion
- Blood Type
- Category used to describe a
person's blood according to the kinds of proteins present on the surface of
the red blood cells
- Blood Urea Nitrogen
- A waste-product
in the blood and urine, measurement of which provides a measure of kidney function
or dehydration
- Blood Viscosity
- Internal
resistance of the blood to shear forces. The in vitro measure of whole blood
viscosity is of limited clinical utility because it bears little relationship
to the actual viscosity within the circulation, but an increase in the viscosity
of circulating blood can contribute to morbidity in patients suffering from
disorders such as sickle cell anemia and polycythemia
- BLQ
- Both Lower Quadrants
- BLS
- Blind Loop Syndrome,
Basic Life Support
- Blue Cohosh
- Caulophyllum
Thalictroides--Also known as Squaw Root and Papoose Root. Used as a diuretic
to remove excess fluids, an expectorant to treat congestion, and a diaphoretic
to eliminate toxins by inducing sweating. Stimulates intestinal activity, raises
respiration, and elevates blood pressure. Stimulates uterine contractions and
induces childbirth. Should not be used by expectant mothers except during the
last month of pregnancy, under the guidance of an experienced herbalist or your
health care provider
- Blue Flag
- Used for treating
hepatic congestion due to venous or lymphatic stasis. Specific indications include
rheumatic conditions, and chronic hepatitis, scrophulous skin conditions, (apparently
aids skin healing by working through the liver) herpes, eczema, psoriasis, uterine
fibroids and enlarged thyroid gland
- Blue Vervain
- Also Known
as American Vervain, False Vervain, Vervain, Simpler's Joy, Indian Hyssop, Wild
Hyssop, Traveler's Joy, and Purvain. Known as a natural tranquilizer. Used for
insomnia, nervous disorders, elimination of intestinal worms, expectorant, diaphoretic,
antiperiodic, tonic, emetic, vulnerary and vermifuge. Used externally heals
wounds and sores
- B-Lymphocytes
- B-lymphocytes
are blood cells of the immune system derived from the bone marrow and spleen
involved in the production of antibodies. B-lymphocytes float through all body
fluids, are able to detect the presence of foreign invaders, and produce antibodies
on their own and when primed by T-lymphocytes. B-lymphocytes can later differentiate
into plasma and memory cells. B-cells mediate the "humoral" immune response
- BMR
- Basal Metabolic Rate
- BM
- Basal Metabolism, Bowel Movement
- BMP
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein
- BMT
- Bone Marrow Transplant
- BNO
- Bowels Not Open
- BO
- Bowel, Bowel Obstruction, Bowel Open
- Body Fluids
- Liquid components
of living organisms
- Bolus
- Large amount at once.
A large dose of a drug that is given (usually intravenously) at the beginning
of treatment to raise blood-level concentrations to a therapeutic level
- Bone Marrow
- Soft tissue
located in the cavities of the bones where blood cells are formed, including
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
- Boneset
- Used for treating
the symptoms that accompany influenza. Used to help clear the upper respiratory
tract of mucous congestion
- Booster
- Additional dose of a vaccine taken
after the first dose to maintain or renew the first one
- BOR
- Bowels Open Regularly
- Borage
- Used for for reducing
fever and for restoring vitality while recovering from illness, recommended
for peritonitis and pleurisy for its calmative and anti-inflammatory action.
Its calmative properties make it useful for treating nervous conditions. Has
some antidotal effect against several poisons
- Borborygmi
- Rumbling sounds
caused by gas moving through the intestines (also called stomach "growling")
- Boron
- Mineral that may play
a role in maintaining strong bones, affecting calcium and magnesium metabolism
and proper membrane function
- Boron Protenate
- Critical
for normal cell function and certain enzyme functions. Necessary ultratrace
mineral for building healthy bones and cell membranes
- Bounceback
- A patient who
returns to the ER with the same complaint shortly after being released
- Bowel
- Collective name for
both small and large intestines
- Bowel Disimpaction
- Manual
removal of impacted fecal matter from a patient's rectum
- BP
- Blood Pressure
- BPC
- Bile Phospholipid Concentration
- bpm
- Beats per minute
- BPO
- Bile Phospholipid Output
- BPR
- Blood Per Rectum
- BR
- Bowel Rest
- Bradycardia
- Slow heart rate, usually below
60 beats per minute in adults
- Brain Death
- When the brain
has permanently stopped working, as determined by a neurological surgeon, artificial
support systems may maintain functions such as heartbeat and respiration for
a few days
- Brazilian Guarana
- Astringent
and strong stimulant. Increases physical endurance and stamina. High caffeine
content
- BRB
- Bright Red Blood
- BRBPR
- Bright Red Blood Per
Rectum
- Breath Tests
- Any tests done
on exhaled air
- BRIC
- Benign Recurrent Intrahepatic
Cholestasis
- Brigham Tea
- Ma-Huang--Also
known as Mormon tea. High in copper and iron, used to treat anemia. Also used
for asthma, allergies, bronchitis, coughs, hayfever, congestive conditions,arthritis,
fluid retention, colds, flu. Should not be used by those with severe
hypertension, hyperthyroidism, glaucoma, coronary thrombosis, prostate enlargement,
or anyone using MAOI anti-depressants
- Brimstone Liver
- An enlarged
liver of a deep-yellow color, seen in some cases of congenital syphilis
- B.R.M.
- Biological Response
Modifier
- Broccoli
- Important source
of Vitamin K, helps prevent stomach and colon cancer. High in fiber, vitamins
C and K, and provitamin A carotenoids. Detoxifys carcinogens and helps
to flush them out of the system
- Bromelain
- Helps inhibit
pro-inflammatory compounds, similar to non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs
reducing pain and swelling without side effects. Said to speed healing
time by 50%
- Bromsulphalein
- Used for
a dye derived from phenolphthalein that is used in the form of its bitter white
crystalline disodium salt in a liver function test
- Bronchi
- Air passages that
lead from the windpipe to the lungs
- Bronchiolitis
- Infection
caused by a virus in the bronchioles (the smallest airways in the lungs), mainly
affecting young children
- Bronchodilator
- Drug that
widens the airways in the lungs to improve breathing and to relieve muscle contraction
or buildup of mucus
- Bronchospasm
- Temporary narrowing
of the airways in the lungs, either as a result of muscle contraction or inflammation;
may be caused by asthma, infection, lung disease, or an allergic reaction
- Bronze Liver
- The bronze-colored
liver seen in malaria, which results from deposition of malarial pigment
- Bruise
- Injury, that does
not break the surface of the skin but, ruptures small blood vessels near the
surface, causes blood to flow into the tissues, which results in discoloration
- BS
- Bile Salt
- BSA
- Bile Sounds Active.
Body Surface Area
- BSC
- Bile Salt Concentration
- B-Sitosterol
- Has the ability
to emulsify fats. 30 times stronger than Choline when it is breaking down cholesterol
deposits
- BSM
- Bile Salt Metabolism
- BSN
- Bowel Sounds Normal
- BSNA
- Bowel Sounds Normal
and Active
- BSO
- Bile Salt Output
- BSR
- Bowel Sounds Regular
- BSSL
- Bile Salt--Stipulated
Lipase
- BT
- Bowel Tones
- BTP
- Biliary Tract Pain
- Budding
- Cells constantly
sample their outside environment, taking in substances from outside of the cell,
as well as releasing substances to the external environment by doing this, cells
can communicate with one another to form complex organisms. This is typically
accomplished through budding: the cell membrane bends inward or outward and
closes in upon itself, forming a "bubble" of membrane for the transport of substances.
Many viruses use this mechanism as a method of entry and exit from a host cell.
They are carried into the cell when it buds inward, and released when it buds
outward. Many viruses retain the "bubble" of cell membrane (lipid), creating
a protective lipid envelope for themselves . Thus these viruses development
is completed as they are released from the cell and at the same time given their
lipid envelope
- Buchu
- Agathosma Betulina--Used
as an antiseptic and diuretic. Inflammation of the urethra, blood in the urine,
bladder infections, chronic urinary tract disorders, kidney stones, cystitis,
and rheumatism. Completely ineffective in treating sexually transmitted diseases
- Buckthorn
- Also known as
Purging Buckthorn. Laxitive. Buckthorn stimulates the colonic muscle. Can cause
severe abdominal pain and diarrhea. Use Buckthorn only as a last resort!
- Budd-Chiari Syndrome
- Rare
disease characterized by occlusion of hepatic veins, usually accompanied by
ascites, hepatomegaly, and pain in abdomen.Caval venogram provided delineation
of caval webs and occluded hepatic veins. Percutaneous liver biosy may aid in
revealing central lobular congestion. As the diseases progresses, bleeding varices
and hepatic coma may develop
- Budding
- Mature viruses that
leave a cell slowly, a few at a time, that do not killing the host cell in the
process
- Bugleweed
- Used as a astringent,
diuretic, nervine, peripheral vasoconstrictor, and anti-tussive property. Improves
circulation. Used for over-active thyroid glands, when symptoms include shortness
of breath, palpations and shaking
- BUN
- Blood Urea Nitrogen.
Creatinine Ratio BUN:creatinine ratio is usually
 20:1 in prerenal and postrenal azotemi
- BUQ
- Both Upper Quadrants
- Burdock
Root
- Arctium Minus. Arctium Lappa. Burdock is a large,
coarse herb that grows only at a certain time of year and has hooked bracts
or burs which adhere to clothing or animal fur. This root has been used to treat
various skin conditions such as acne and psoriasis. Burdock seeds are crushed
to make a popular tincture used to purify the blood, to treat gout and ulcers,
arthritis, rheumatism. Effective as a diaphoretic, used to induce sweating to
help in neutralizing and eliminating toxins from the body. Widely utilized by
herbal practitioner's in the treatment of gallstones, liver problems, flu, and
to support the kidneys in filtering acids from the blood stream
- Butcher's Broom
- Ruscus Aculeatus.
Distinguishable yellow flowers and is found in the Pacific Northwest. Also known
as Box Holly or Knee Holly, butcher's broom is a short evergreen shrub from
the family Liliaceae. The herb has been made in capsule or tablet form to treat
circulatory problems of the legs and as an ointment or suppository to relieve
the symptoms of hemorrhoids. Drank as a mildly bitter tea it is used to increase
circulation to the limbs and acts to reduce the incidence of post-surgical blood
clotting and thrombosis,to reduce swelling of the legs, believed to be useful
in the treatment of phlebitis and varicose veins. When applied as a topical
ointment, helps to ease the swelling and pains of rheumatism and arthritis.
As well as menstrual problems and symptoms associated with the use of estrogen
and pregnancy related cramps. May cause blood pressure to rise
- Butternut Bark
- Also known
as White Walnut. Used for treatment of liver disorders and intestinal sickness.
Safe and effective laxative. Used to expel worms during the course of laxative
induced cleansing of the body
- BW
- Body Weight
- Bypass
- Shunt, operation
in which a surgeon creates a new pathway for the movement of substances in the
body
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