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The Hepatitis Vaccine That Does Double Duty
People who have Hepatitis C and have not been vaccinated against Hepatitis A or Hepatitis B could benefit from the combined hepatitis vaccine....
Medical Spas May Pose Hepatitis Risk
Since medical spas are offering more treatments involving the use of needles, the potential for Hepatitis C transmission is rising. Learn about some of the spa treatment techniques that pose hepatitis transmission dangers, as well as five ways to increase...
Hepatitis B Treatment May Reduce Pancreatic Cancer Risk
While several theories are attempting to explain the connection, scientists are unsure why those with Hepatitis B appear to have a 2 1/2 fold increase in risk for developing pancreatic cancer. Once the link is understood, Hepatitis B treatment may...
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- T3 Uptake
- This test measures the amount
of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) in the patient's serum. When TBG is increased,
T3 uptake is decreased, and vice versa. T3 Uptake does not measure the level
of T3 or T4 in serum. Increased T3 uptake (decreased TBG) in euthyroid patients
is seen in chronic liver disease, protein-losing states, and with use of the
following drugs: androgens, barbiturates, bishydroxycourmarin, chlorpropamide,
corticosteroids, danazol, d-thyroxine, penicillin, phenylbutazone, valproic
acid, and androgens. It is also seen in hyperthyroidism. Decreased T3 uptake
(increased TBG) may occur due to the effects of exogenous estrogens (including
oral contraceptives), pregnancy, acute hepatitis, and in genetically determined
elevations of TBG. Drugs producing increased TBG include clofibrate, lithium,
methimazole, phenothiazines, and propylthiouracil. Decreased T3 uptake may occur
in hypothyroidism
- T4
- See Thyroxine
- TACE
- Transarterial Chemo-Embolization,
Transcatheter Hepatic Artery Chemoembolization
- TAE
- Transcatheter Hepatic
Artery Chemoembolization
- Tamarack
- Larix Americana.
The bark, used as a decoction, is a diuretic, laxative, tonic, and alterative,
used in the treatment of obstructions of the liver, jaundice, rheumatism, and
some cutaneous diseases. A decoction of the Tamarack leaves has been used for
diarrhea, dysentery, hemoptysis, piles, and menorrhagia
- Taurine
- Nonessential amino
acid but may be essential for individuals with certain diseases or nutritional
concerns. May be needed for the proper development and maintenance of the central
nervous system. Taurine's role in bile formation is important for fat metabolism
and blood cholesterol control. Colorless
crystalline cysteine derivative found in nerve tissue, in bile, and in the juices
of muscle particularly in invertebrates. Helps stabilize the excitability of
membranes which is important in the control of epileptic seizures
- TB
- Tuberculosis
- TBG
- Thyroxine-Binding Globulin
- T Cell
- Lymphocytes that are
produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus. Responsible for mediating
the second branch of the immune system called "cellular immune response." T
cells can live for months to years. This lymphocyte population is defined by
the presence of a rearranged T-cell receptor
- T Cells
- Cells that are involved in rejecting
foreign tissue, controlling the production of antibodies in the presence of
antigens, regulating immunity. One of the two major types of lymphocytes (white
blood cells) There are two types of T-cells - "helper" T-cells and "killer"
T-cells
- TE
- Tracheoesophageal
- Tea
- Camellia Thea. Considered to be a
strong stimulant and astringent. Rarely used as a medicine, but, the infusion
is useful to help relieve neuralgic headaches
- Tea Tree Oil
- Also called Cajuput Oi.
Used extensively as a anti-microbial, antiseptic, antispasmodic, diaphoretic,
expectorant, and stimulant. Has also been used for colds, headaches, toothache,
rheumatism, skin disorders and sore muscles
- TEF
- Tracheoesophageal Fistula
- Telangiectasia
- Broken veins
- tid
- Three times a day
- T Lymphocyte
- Mononuclear white blood
cells having the property of destroying target cells. Thymus dependent cells,
coordinate the cell-mediated immune system
- Teratogenic
- Causing malformations in
a fetus
- Term
- Definition
- Terminal Bile Duct
- The smallest branch
of the portal tract-based biliary system; corresponds to the bile duct seen
in terminal portal tracts
- Terminal Hepatic Artery
- The smallest
branch of the hepatic artery; corresponds to hepatic artery seen in terminal
portal tracts
- Terminal Hepatic Vein
- The smallest branch
of the hepatic venous system situated in the center of the secondary as well
as the classic lobule; also called the central vein
- Terminal Portal Tract
- A mesenchyme-based
structure containing 1 or more parallel sets of (bile duct and hepatic artery),
and only 1 portal venous channel; the classic "portal triad."
- Terminal Portal Vein
- The smallest branch
of the portal vein that gives rise to portal venules. Corresponds to the portal
vein seen in terminal portal tracts
- Testing for Safety and Effectiveness
- New
drugs approved by the U.S. Government must not only be shown to be safe to use,
but also to be effective at producing the desired effect. All candidate drugs
must go through multiple phases of testing before they are approved. Early testing
shows safety in animals and humans, while the later phases test for effectiveness
and further confirm safety. This process is very expensive and may take many
years. For this reason, many potential drugs remain untested
- Testosterone
- Naturally occurring androgenic
hormone
- Tetany
- Muscle spasm
- TF
- Tube Feeding
- Thalamus
- Part of the brain
- Therapeutic Range
- Maximum effectiveness
of a drug is generally found only for a narrow range of dosages. Below that
range, the amount of drug in the body is too low to have the desired effect.
Above that range, undesirable side effects or toxicity are produced. Drugs with
a narrow therapeutic range (e.g., digitoxin), are more dangerous than drugs
with a large therapeutic range (i.e. vitamin C)
- Therapy
- Treatment of a disease
- Thiamine
- Vitamin B-1. A B-complex vitamin
that acts as a coenzyme necessary for the conversion of carbohydrates into glucose,
which is burned in the body for energy. It is essential for the functioning
of the nervous system as well as the muscles and heart, aids in the digestion
of carbohydrates; stabilizes the appetite; and promotes growth & good muscle
tone. A deficiency of Thiamin may lead to the loss of appetite, insomnia, weakness,
fatigue, paralysis, nervous irritability, weight loss, minor aches &
pains, mental depression & constipation, and heart & gastrointestinal
problems
- Thistle
- Considered a diaphoretic, stimulant,
tonic, emetic and emmenagogue. In large doses, Blessed Thistle acts as a strong
emetic, producing vomiting with little pain and inconvenience. Also see Milk
Thistle
- Threonine--L
- Threonine, Essential amino
acid needed for proper growth in infants and maintenance of nitrogen balance
in adults. Found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. Helps prevents
fat build-up in the liver; helps the digestive and intestinal tracts function
more smoothly; and assists metabolism & assimilation
- Thrill
- A vibration that a doctor or nurse
can feel by touch, often used to describe cardiac murmurs that can be felt through
the chest wall
- Thrombocytopenia
- Low blood platelet count
- Thrombocytosis
- Increased platelets in
the blood
- Thromboembolism
- Blood clotting
- Thrombolytic
- Dissolving blood clots
- Thrombophlebitis
- Vein inflammation plus
blood clotting
- Thrombosis
- Blood clot
- Thrombus
- Blood clot
- Thrush
- Fungus infection in the mouth
- Thyme
- Also called Creeping thyme, Mountain
thyme, and Wild thyme. Used as a anthelmintic, antispasmodic, carminative, diaphoretic,
expectorant, and sedative. As a tincture, extract, or infusion, it is used for
throat and bronchial problems, acute bronchitis, laryngitis, and whooping cough,
diarrhea, chronic gastritis, and lack of appetite. Excessive internal use
of Garden thyme can lead to symptoms of poisoning and to over stimulation of
the thyroid gland
- Thymidine
- One of the four basic nucleotides comprise DNA
- Thymidine Kinase
- An enzyme that is involved
in DNA replication and that increases greatly during infection with some viruses
(as the herpesvirus causing herpes simplex) and during periods of increased
growth rate, as in liver regeneration
- Thymus
- The lymphoid organ in which T lymphocytes
are educated, mature and multiply
- Thyrotoxicosis
- Overactive thryoid
- Thyroxine (T4)
- This is a measurement of the
total thyroxine in the serum, including both the physiologically active (free)
form, and the inactive form bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG). It is
increased in hyperthyroidism and in euthyroid states characterized by increased
TBG. Occasionally, hyperthyroidism will not be manifested by elevation of T4
(free or total), but only by elevation of T3 (triiodothyronine). Therefore,
if thyrotoxicosis is clinically suspect, and T4 and FTI are normal, the test
"T3 -RIA" is recommended (this is not the same test as "T3 uptake," which has
nothing to do with the amount of T3 in the patient's serum). T4 is decreased
in hypothyroidism and in euthyroid states characterized by decreased TBG. A
separate test for "free T4" is available, but it is not usually necessary for
the diagnosis of functional thyroid disorders
- Thyroxine-Binding Globulin
- A blood serum
glycoprotein that is synthesized in the liver and that binds tightly to thyroxine
and less firmly to triiodothyronine preventing their removal from the blood
by the kidneys and releasing them as needed at sites of activity
- Tincture
- Alcoholic solution of medicinal substances, usually 50% alcohol
- Tisane
- An infusion of flowers
- Tissue Typing
- Blood test (performed prior
to transplantation) to evaluate the closeness of tissue match between donor's
organ and recipient's HLA antigens
- Titre
- Concentration of a substance in solution
- TIW
- Three times a week
- TMV
- Tobacco Mosaic Disease
- Tobacco
- Nicotiana Tabacum. Tobacco is used
as a diuretic, discutient, expectorant, sedative, and sialagogue, and internally
only as an emetic, when all other emetics fail. Externally the nicotine in tobacco
is an antiseptic
- Tobacco Mosaic Disease
- First recognized viral
disease, tobacco mosaic disease is caused by the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV).
It attacks tobbaco leaves, causing a mosaic-like pattern of discolorations in
the plant
- Tocopherol
- Any of several fat soluble, oily,
phenolic compounds with antioxidant vitamin E activity
- Tocotrienol
- Form of vitamin E that differs
from tocopherols by possessing three double bonds in its side chain rather than
being saturated. Tocotrienols have recently been isolated and have antioxidant
capabilities greater than vitamins C and E and their tocopherol counterpart
- Tomography
- CT scanning
- Tonic
- Drug or medicine that improves body tone
by stimulating tissue nutrition. Substance that invigorates, restores, or stimulates
the system
- Topical
- Applied to the surface
- Toradol
- Ketorolac, an injectable nonsteroid
antiinflammatory agent often used as a substitute for morphine in intoxicated
patients or for those patients suspected of seeking narcotics
- Total Parenteral Nutrition
- TPN. Intravenous
infusion of all nutrients through a catheter placed in a large vein near the
collar bone. TPN is used to ensure that malnourished patients or severely ill
receive adequate nutrition, to rest the bowel, or to prepare poorly nourished
patients for surgery
- Total Protein
- Increase in serum total protein
reflects increases in albumin, globulin, or both. Generally significantly increased
total protein is seen in volume contraction, venous stasis, or in hypergammaglobulinemia.
Decrease in serum total protein reflects decreases in albumin, globulin or both
- Toxic Effects
- The physiologic, physical,
or laboratory manifestations or derangement's that can be attributed to the
presence of a substance within the body
- Toxicity
- Poisonousness
- Toxicological
- Poison study related
- Toxic Threshold
- The minimum dose of a medication
or herbal remedy required to produce toxicity. This level is not always well-
defined, as it may depend on the individual taking the treatment
- Toxin
- Any chemical that interferes with normal
cell function. Toxins may be man- made (such as DDT), or made by plants (phytotoxins),
fungi (mycotoxins), or bacteria. Many herbal remedies obtain their effect from
low levels of phytotoxins
- Toxoids
- Preparations of pathogenic organisms or
their derivatives made nontoxic and intended for active immunologic prophylaxis.
They include deactivated toxins
- Tox Screen
- Toxicological analysis of the
blood, ordered when a drug overdose is suspected and the drugs need to be identified
- TPN
- Total Parenteral Nutrition-- can provide
all or most of a patient's nutrient requirements by intravenous means
- Trace Element
- Essential mineral that is essential
to nutrition. Analytical chemists prefer to call minerals, trace elements and
Nutritionists prefer to call minerals either minerals or trace minerals depending
on the amount needed by the body
- Trace Minerals
- Minerals that occur in tiny
amounts within the body. An aid in replacing electrolytes lost through heavy
perspiration, diarrhea, and protect against toxic reaction and heavy metal poisoning.
They are essential in the effective assimilation and utilization of vitamins
and other nutrients
- Transaminase
- Enzyme
- Transaminases
- Liver enzymes in the blood
which can signal liver infection. The same as ALT and AST
- Transcription
- Constructing a mRNA molecule
using a DNA molecule as a template; results in the transfer of genetic information
to the mRNA.
- Transcriptase
- RNA polymerase; an enzyme that
catalyzes the synthesis of RNA with DNA serving as a template, also known as
RNA transcriptase
- Transcortin
- An alpha globulin produced in
the liver that binds with and transports hydrocortisone in the blood
- Transcutaneous
- Through the skin
- Transdermal
- Through the skin
- Transfusion
- Introduction of whole blood or components
of blood (platelets, plasma) from one person into the body of another
- Transitory
- Brief
- Transmission
- Passing of a disease or infection
from one person to another. The process by which a pathogen passes from a source
of infection to a new host. There are two major types: horizontal and vertical
transmission. The majority of transmission processes operate horizontally
- Transmission Chain
- Illustration adapted from
Dickinson & Gordon (1990) to show the necessary factors required for the
transmission of viral hepatitis
- Transmission Threshold
- Occurs for a parasite
when the basic reproductive rate Ro is equal to 1. Below this threshold level
the disease is unable to maintain itself within the host population. Typically,
for directly transmitted parasites there is a transmission threshold for the
host population size
- Transplantation
- Implanting organs or tissue from
one person to another
- Treatment
- Therapy, Administration or application
of a remedy to a patient with an injury or disease
- Triage
- The system of prioritizing patients
in an emergency situation in which there are a great number of injured or ill
- Trichloroacetic Acid
- CCI3COOH, Toxic, deliquescent,
colorless crystals with a pungent aroma, used as a chemical intermediate and
library reagent, and in medicine, pharmacy, and herbicides
- Tricyclic
- Drugs used to treat depression
- Triglycerides
- Lipids (fat-like substances)
carried through the bloodstream to the tissues. The bulk of the body's fat tissue
is in the form of triglycerides, stored for later use as energy. We get triglycerides
primarily from the fat in our diet. Markedly increased triglycerides (>500
mg/dL) usually indicate a nonfasting patient (i.e., one having consumed any
calories within 12-14 hour period prior to specimen collection). If patient
is fasting, hypertriglyceridemia is seen in hyperlipoproteinemia types I, IIb,
III, IV, and V. Exact classification theoretically requires lipoprotein electrophoresis,
but this is not usually necessary to assess a patient's risk to atherosclerosis.
Cholestyramine, corticosteroids, estrogens, ethanol, miconazole (intravenous),
oral contraceptives, spironolactone, stress, and high carbohydrate intake are
known to increase triglycerides. Decreased serum triglycerides are seen in abetalipoproteinemia,
COPD, hyperthyroidism, malnutrition, and malabsorption states.
Most important of three groups of neutral fats; the basic unit consists
of a molecule of glycerol in ester bond with three molecules of fatty acid;
it serves as the major storage form of fatty acids and is practically the exclusive
constituent of adipose tissue
- Tristis
- Dull
in color
- Trivalent
- With a valence of three
- Trophic
- Pertaining to the functions of nutrition, digestion and growth
- Tropical Sprue
- Condition of unknown cause
in which abnormalities of the intestinal lining interfere with the normal absorption
of food. Leads to excess fat in the stool. Characterized by anemia
- Tropism
- The
ability of a virus to infect specific cell or tissue types
- True-Positive
- Test result that accurately gives a positive reading
- Tryptophan
- Essential amino acid. Natural
relaxant and sleep aid due to its precursor role in serotonin (a neurotransmitter)
synthesis. Along with tyrosine, it is used in the treatment of addictions. A
natural relaxant, Tryptophan helps alleviate insomnia by inducing normal sleep;
helps in the treatment of migraine headaches; helps the immune system; reduces
anxiety & depression; helps reduce the risk of artery & heart spasms
and works with Lysine in reducing cholesterol levels
- TSH Test
- Test is performed to assess the
activity of the thyroid gland. It involves measuring the concentration of thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH) in the blood serum. TSH, which is secreted by the pituitary gland,
stimulates the thyroid gland to produce hormones. A change in the level of TSH
in the blood may signify a malfunctioning of the thyroid gland
- TTH
- Transfusion Transmitted Hepatitis
- TTP
- Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
- T Tube
- Tube placed in the bile duct that
allows bile to drain into a bag outside the body
- Tubercular
- Nodular
- Tubules
- Small tubes
- Tumor
- Swelling or enlargement of body tissue
that performs no useful function. It can be either cancerous (malignant) or
harmless (benign)
- Turkey Rhubarb
- Helps to improve appetite,
increase salivary & gastric flow, and promotes healthy liver function &
bile flow. Acts both as a laxative in cases of constipation, and as an astringent
in cases of diarrhea
- Turmeric
- Contains Curcumin. Curcumin increases
the secretion of bile by stimulating the bile duct. It also protects the liver
by detoxification, stimulating the gall bladder and scavenging free radicals.
With the help of the adrenal glands, it inhibits both platelet aggregation and
the enzymes which induce inflammatory prostaglandins. Curcumin may also help
break down fats and reduce cholesterol. Large doses not recommended in cases
of acute bilious colic, obstructive jaundice, painful gallstones, and extremely
toxic liver disorders
- Type I Mortality
- A mortality schedule in
which all hosts are assumed to live for a fixed number of years equal to the
life expectancy
- Type II Mortality
- A mortality schedule in
which all hosts are assumed to die at a constant rate. This constant rate is
equal to the inverse of the life expectancy
- Type & Crossmatch
- Blood typing to identify
patient's blood type
- Tyramine
- Amino acid synthesized in the body
from the essential amino acid tyrosine that has a sympathomimetic action and
is derived from tyrosin
- Tyrosine
- Nonessential amino acid but may
be essential for individuals with certain diseases or nutritional concerns.
May be important for neurotransmitter synthesis and mood regulation. May be
useful for depression, allergies and addictive states. Tyrosine transmits nerve
impulses to the brain; helps overcome depression; improves memory; increases
mental alertness; and promotes the healthy functioning of the adrenal thyroid,
and pituitary glands
- Tyrosinemia
- A rare inherited disorder of
tyrosine metabolism that is characterized by abnormally high concentrations
of tyrosine in the blood and urine with associated abnormalities especially
of the liver and kidneys
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