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University of Iowa Family Practice Handbook, 3rd Edition, Chapter 4
Gastroenterology: Ascites
Peter P. Toth, M.D., Ph.D.
Department of Family Medicine
University of Iowa
Peer Review Status: Externally Peer Reviewed by Mosby
- Ascites is a pathologic accumulation of serous fluid within the
abdomen. It may be caused by decompensated liver disease (alcohol- and virus-related
cirrhosis), heart failure, abdominal carcinomatosis, tuberculosis, and pancreatic
disease. Cirrhosis is the cause for the most number of cases of ascites.
- Diagnostic paracentesis can confirm the diagnosis of portal hypertension
or rule out the possibility of infection. The following tests should be performed
on ascites fluid: cell count, cytology, culture (in blood culture bottles),
Gram stain, total protein, glucose, lactate dehydrogenase, amylase, and, if
warranted, mycobacterial smear and culture. Samples with
 250 neutrophils per milliliter are
assumed to be infected, and broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy should be initiated.
Patients with a total protein concentration 1.0 g/dl are at high risk for
spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. There is good evidence that Bactrim (1
DS tablet daily 5 days a week) is effective in preventing spontaneous bacterial
peritonitis and decreasing mortality. Norfloxacin has been used as well, but
its use is discouraged because of the rapid development of resistant organisms.
- Therapeutic paracentesis with the removal of 5 or moreLiters is indicated
if the patient presents with early satiety or shortness of breath. After the
procedure, give 40 g of albumin IV to prevent hyponatremia and renal failure.
- The serum-ascites albumin gradient is equal to [albumin]serum
- [albumin]ascites. If the gradient exceeds 1.1 g/dl, the patient
has portal hypertension.
- Treatment consists in restricting sodium intake and the promotion of natriuresis
with oral diuretics. Combinations of furosemide and spironolactone have been
shown to be optimal for promoting sodium excretion and sparing potassium.
Doses should be titrated to a maximum of 400 mg/day and 160 mg/day of spironolactone
and furosemide respectively. Serial determinations of urinary sodium excretion
may help to guide dosing. Other therapies include portal shunting and liver
transplantation. Overaggressive diuresis is associated with hepatorenal syndrome
(a relatively acute, progressive renal failure in the patient with advanced
liver disease secondary to decreased renal perfusion) and is discouraged.
Large-volume paracentesis is preferable.
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